Category Archives: Teaching Methodology and Research

160: Create a Classroom Where Students Use the Target Language Confidently


What is a discourse community? Essentially, it’s a learning environment where students actively engage in meaningful communication, using the target language to interact, collaborate, and build relationships. It’s a space where every student’s voice is valued and encouraged. Is that what you would like to see in your classroom? I’m guessing you’re thinking, Yes!  But, how do we create this space for our students? In this episode I’ll give you five key strategies for building a discourse community in your classroom.

Topics in this Episode:

  • High Leverage Teaching Practices from Enacting the Work of Language Instruction by Eileen Glisan and Richard Donato
  • A classroom discourse community is a learning environment where students actively engage in meaningful communication, using the target language to interact, collaborate, and build relationships. It’s a space where every student’s voice is valued and encouraged
  • 5 strategies to build a  discourse community in your classroom, each with tips and examples
    1. Establish Norms and Expectations
    2. Promote Student Interaction
    3. Use Authentic and Meaningful Tasks
    4. Encourage Reflective Practice
    5. Model Effective Communication

**Be sure to download the The CI Toolbox. 15 Comprehensible Input (CI) activities for your language classroom to support comprehension and authentic engagement. These suggestions are a compilation of ideas shared on the World Language Classroom Podcast by me and many guests. 

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145: Concrete Ways to Support Proficiency Growth


In this episode I’m taking on the question of leveling up.  We often talk about proficiency levels and the output that goes along with each level.  We’ll take a look at some concrete examples of language produced at each level and I’ll share some suggestions for how we can support students in leveling up their language.

Episode:

  • The ACTFL Proficiency Levels (Interpersonal)
  • Novice Low/Mid/High: single words, chunks, chunked phrases.
  • Intermediate Low/Mid/High: discrete sentences, strings of sentences, moving toward paragraphs
  • Advanced Low/Mid/High: paragraphs, multiple paragraphs
  • Concrete examples of the language that students produce at each level and sub level with suggestions for  what they can do to move up a level or sub level.

Links mentioned in this episode

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

You  can also be a part of Leveling Up coaching episode if there is an area of your teaching that you like to improve or enhance.  Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.  

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144: Using Student Performance Data to Adjust Our Teaching with Wyatt Crane


What do you do with the information that you learn from the assessments that you give students? Even if we are talking about end–of-unit summative assessments we should look at the overall results and see if there are any changes we should make to instruction.  This is our own consistent way of doing action research in our classrooms.  In this episode, Wyatt Crane, a Spanish teacher in New York City, joins me to talk us through how he uses data from assessments (both formative and summative) to determine what is effective and what he may need to modify in his classroom teaching.

Topics In This Episode:

  • how Wyatt collects and analyzes student performance data in his language classroom
  • the tools and methods Wyatt finds most effective for this process
  • how student performance data influences Wyatt’s instructional decisions and lesson planning
  • examples of when data prompted Wyatt to adjust his teaching
  • how to ensure that student performance data is used not just for assessment purposes, but also for fostering student growth and learning
  • how to tailor approaches to data analysis and interpretation to meet the individual needs of students

Connect with Wyatt Crane:

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

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141: Shifting the Focus from Grammar to Function


What have you heard about language functions? I see this as the idea of using the target language to communicate or convey a message rather than only being able to describe the grammatical structures, patterns and vocabulary. In this episode we are going to take a look at this shift in focus, and sometimes mindset, from a primary focus on grammatical forms to language functions with examples and practical strategies.

Topics In This Episode:

  • 3 aspects of communicative language teaching:
    • 1. goal is on communicating and doing something with the language
    • 2. student-centered
    • 3. focused on understanding the message being conveyed by students despite inaccuracy in language form. 
  • language functions
    • focus is on communicating, student-centered, understanding the message being conveyed by students despite inaccuracy in language form
  • practical strategies and examples to support our focus on language functions
    • Novice Levels: Making Language Practical
    • Intermediate Levels: Expanding Communication
  • Embrace the Shift
    • not an either/or when it comes to grammar 
    • it’s essential that we embrace this paradigm shift from a focus on grammar and accuracy to a broader emphasis on language functions and authentic communication. 
    • ensures that language learning is not just a theoretical exercise, but one that builds proficiency and communicative competence.
  • Blog post on Shifting the Focus from Grammar to Function

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

You  can also be a part of Leveling Up coaching episode if there is an area of your teaching that you like to improve or enhance.  Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.  

Follow wherever you listen to podcasts.

128: Create a Vertical Curriculum in Your Language Department


How do you ensure your language students have a solid foundation and continue to thrive as they progress through grade levels?  Language teachers often grapple with this question as they strive to provide the best possible language learning experience for their students. We’re going to explore an effective solution – Vertical Curriculum. So, Let’s jump in!

Blog Post on Vertical Curriculum

Topics in this Episode:

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

You  can also be a part of Leveling Up coaching episode if there is an area of your teaching that you like to improve or enhance.  Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.  

Follow wherever you listen to podcasts.

125: Try Something New Part 2 – What Will that New Thing Be?


The new year will soon be here and along with that are thoughts of trying out something new.  Last week we looked at how small, sustainable, and consistent changes or modifications are more likely to stick, rather than attempting to overhaul everything. This week we focus on lots of ideas for what you can actually do in the classroom along with ways to make it happen seamlessly, consistently and successfully. 

Topics in this Episode:

  • What will that new thing be?
    • Communication Modes
    • Classroom Procedures
    • High-Leverage Teaching Practices
    • Assessments
  • How will you make it happen?
  • When is it time for a new goal?
  • Matt Cuts: Try Something New For 30 Days
  • James Clear: Atomic Habits

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

You  can also be a part of Leveling Up coaching episode if there is an area of your teaching that you like to improve or enhance.  Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.  

Follow wherever you listen to podcasts.

124: Try Something New Part 1 – Why? How? What Gets in the Way?


The new year brings on thoughts of trying out something new.  However, the idea of trying something new or modifying your existing practices in the classroom is not always that easy. In this first of a two-part episode, we look at how small, sustainable, and consistent changes or modifications are more likely to stick, rather than attempting to overhaul everything. This week we focus on real examples of trying new things in the classroom successfully, along with ways to overcome any obstacles that might get in the way.  Part 2 next week will give you lots of ideas for what you can actually do in the classroom.  

Topics in this Episode:

  • Matt Cuts: Try Something New For 30 Days
  • James Clear: Atomic Habits
  • Why try something new?
    • Keep Students engaged
    • Model for students
    • Boost creativity
    • Problem-solving experience
  • What gets in the way of trying some thing new?
    • Fear of failure
    • Time
    • Resistance
    • Staying motivated
  • Tips and suggestions for working through the things that get in the way.

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

You  can also be a part of Leveling Up coaching episode if there is an area of your teaching that you like to improve or enhance.  Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.  

Follow wherever you listen to podcasts.

122: IPAs and World Language Standards


Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.

How do you implement IPAs effectively in your classroom? Today’s episode is a Leveling Up episode, where I coach Judy, a German teacher in Illinois. Implementing IPA’s effectively is the area where wants to level up her teaching practice.

Suggestions:

  • Begin by incorporating IPAs in one unit or topic. This step-by-step approach allows you to refine your techniques and identify what works best for your students.
  • Authentic materials can be just about anything: a short video, a photo, a brochure. Create a Pinterest board where you can pin authentic resources that you find on the internet.
  • Develop clear and detailed rubrics to evaluate students’ performance in IPAs. 
  • Begin with 2-3 modes on the IPA, then add on the other modes with future IPAs.
  • Offer formative practice opportunities before the actual IPA to help students become familiar with the assessment format.
  • Use AI tools, such as ChatGPT to create a possible IPA, or at least offer a template to use.
  • Create a Pinterest board where you can pin authentic resources that you find on the internet

Action Plan:

This Week:

  • Choose one unit or topic from your curriculum where you will create an IPA.
  • Create a clear and detailed rubric that aligns with the IPA tasks

The Coming Weeks:

  • Design and implement formative practice activities related to the selected IPA unit. 
  • Administer the IPA for the selected unit, using the rubric to evaluate students’ performance.

Helpful Podcast Episodes on This Topic:

Helpful Blog Posts on This Topic:

You  can also be a part of Leveling Up coaching episode if there is an area of your teaching that you like to improve or enhance.  Join me on the podcast for a Leveling Up Coaching Episode.

Work with Joshua either in person or remotely.

Teachers want to hear from you and what you are proud of in your classroom.
Join me as a guest on the podcast.

Follow wherever you listen to podcasts.

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom

Decisions, Decisions! In our fast-past and dynamic language classrooms, swift decision-making is a constant.  Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman, who has extensively studied decision-making, speaks of an  intricate balance between two cognitive systems: System 1 and System 2. Kahneman describes System 1 as fast thinking—automatic and error-prone. In contrast, he describes System 2 as slower, deliberate thinking, less prone to error, demanding more time and often involving getting feedback for more accurate decision-making.

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

System 1 and System 2 Thinking

  1. System 1 Thinking (Fast, Automatic):
    • Intuitive and quick, System 1 thinking is the automatic thought process for everyday decisions.
    • Operating effortlessly, it relies on heuristics and past experiences.
    • Prone to biases, errors, and influenced by emotions, System 1 is efficient for routine tasks but may oversimplify complex situations.
  2. System 2 Thinking (Slow, Deliberate):
    • Deliberate and conscious, System 2 thinking involves careful analysis, seeking additional information, and considering various perspectives.
    • Less prone to biases, it provides a more accurate approach to decision-making.
    • While demanding more time and mental energy, System 2 is essential for navigating complex and nuanced decision-making scenarios.

The Agile Thinking Paradigm

Kahneman’s insights become particularly crucial for language teachers.  They suggest the consistent use of routines that focus System 2 thinking and decision making. This intentional shift ensures that decisions are not only reflective and deliberate but also less susceptible to bias and error. Deborah Ball, echoing Kahneman’s insights, challenges teachers to scrutinize our seemingly neutral habits harboring implicit biases. This would be the error-prone System 1 at work. Our teaching is influences by our biases.  Ball advocates creating a “repertoire” of teaching habits explicitly designed to counteract potential biases.  This is where System 2 comes in.

Deliberative decision-making, afforded by System 2, minimizes errors and biases. This intentional shift fosters an environment where instructional choices are thoughtful, nuanced, and conducive to student success. Agile Thinking, a dynamic integration of System 1 and System 2, is  a practical approach that goes beyond theory and empowers teachers to make decisions that respond to diverse student needs.

The Four-Step Framework for Agile Thinking and Decision-Making

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

  1. Perceive – (Self-Awareness):
    • Cultivate self-awareness: Understand personal biases and cultural perspectives.
    • Embrace cultural awareness: Recognize the diverse backgrounds of students, laying the foundation for agile decision-making.
  2. Analyze (Pedagogical Knowledge):
    • Engage in conscious deliberation: Draw on pedagogical knowledge to increase clarity, accessibility, relevance, and rigor in instruction.
    • Apply pedagogical insights: Consider various instructional approaches to meet the diverse needs of learners.
  3. Decide (Content Knowledge):
    • Implement agile thinking: Generate rapid, flexible, and culturally affirming mental models of teaching and learning.
    • Leverage content knowledge: Utilize subject expertise to adapt lessons for maximum impact.
  4. Reflect (Cultural Awareness):
    • Assess impact: Evaluate the consequences of instructional decisions on students.
    • Promote continuous improvement: Aligning with the self-awareness aspect, foster an environment of ongoing reflection and growth.

I like to make things as concrete as possible, especially when creating systems and routines in my classroom.  I put 3 words words with each step to make this idea of Agile Thinking directly applicable to my classroom language teaching.  These words serve as a check for myself.

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

This is what it looks like all together so that I have it all in one place.

Agile Thinking in the Language Classroom (French, Spanish)

Agile Thinking and Decision-Making in Your Classroom

I encourage you to embrace agile thinking. This mindset sets the stage for teachers to make decisions that not only enhance language proficiency but also foster confident communication in students. The journey begins with an awareness of decisions, transcends biases, and leads to a more inclusive and effective language education. Engage with the  four-step framework and you will be better equipped to navigate the complexities of teaching with agility, responsiveness, and being less prone to errors.

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom

I continually look for ways to enhance my teaching practices.  As part of my ongoing personal educational development this year I implemented a TRU (Teaching for Robust Understanding) Framework.  This teaching framework empowers educators to hone in on their teaching practices and ensure that what we do in our classroom is in line with our intended vision and objectives. Here are some insights from integrating TRU into my teaching, which will hopefully resonate with my language teacher colleagues.

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

What is TRU?

Alan H. Schoenfeld, a Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of California, Berkeley, founded the Teaching for Robust Understanding Project. His goal is to distill the vast literature on teaching and learning into a coherent, usable framework. The TRU Framework encompasses five focal dimensions:

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

TRU in Language Classroom

Let’s look at how the TRU Framework can be useful and effective in the context of language education, using examples from my own vision framework.  My Vision Framework is titled The Five Dimensions Engaging and Purposeful Classroom. Each of the 5 categories is tailored to my overarching language teaching goal.

Students…

  • feel confident, motived and valued
  • are engaged and learning is purposeful
  • see the content and learning as relevant to their lives

Here are how I concretely articulate these goals and intentions in each of the TRU framework areas:

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

“In my classroom, students are not passive recipients of information. Instead, they are active contributors to conversations about language proficiency and cultural nuances. They understand the purpose behind their learning and take ownership of their linguistic journey.”

Questions you to ponder as you look at this in your own classroom: How can you create an environment where students feel empowered to contribute to conversations about language proficiency and cultural understanding? In what ways can you encourage students to take ownership over their language learning journey?

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

“Classroom activity structures provide opportunities for students to become knowledgeable, flexible, and resourceful disciplinary thinkers. Topics are relevant to learners, motivating them to make connections and develop productive disciplinary habits of mind.”

Questions you to ponder as you look at this in your own classroom: How can you align your lesson plans with topics that are relevant and motivating for your students? In what ways can you create activities that foster connections and develop productive language habits of mind?

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

“Students have opportunities to grapple with and make sense of important language ideas. They are challenged in ways that provide room and support for growth, cultivating a mindset where challenges are seen as opportunities for learning.”

Questions you to ponder as you look at this in your own classroom:  How can you provide challenging tasks that support students in making sense of complex language ideas? In what ways can you guide students through productive struggles, helping them see challenges as opportunities for growth?

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

“Classroom activity structures invite and support the active engagement of all students. Individual students are involved in meaningful ways and do not doubt their valued presence in the classroom.”

Questions you to ponder as you look at this in your own classroom: What strategies can you implement to ensure that every student is actively engaged in language learning activities? How can you create a classroom environment where all students feel their contributions are meaningful?

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

“Classroom activities elicit student thinking, and subsequent interactions respond to those ideas. Specific feedback is central to formative assessment practice, guiding students in deepening their language comprehension.”

Questions you to ponder as you look at this in your own classroom: How can you design activities that elicit and showcase students’ language proficiency and understanding? In what ways can you provide specific and constructive feedback to guide students in deepening their language comprehension?

Your Vision Framework

As a language teacher, you can use the TRU Framework to create your own vision framework tailored to your classroom.  Consider creating a framework that aligns with the 5 TRU dimensions.  Keep these key elements of your vision handy and in mind as you create curriculum and teach.  I know that they help to keep me on track and focused on my goals, vision and objectives. Here is what my TRU Framework looks like with all the details in one place for easy access.

A Vision Framework for Your Language Classroom (French, Spanish) TRU Framework

Reference:

  • Schoenfeld, A. H., & the Teaching for Robust Understanding Project. (2016). An Introduction to the Teaching for Robust Understanding (TRU) Framework. Berkeley, CA: Graduate School of Education.